被引排行
Study on the evaluation and treatment of lake eutrophication by means of algae biology
KUANG Qi-jun~1, MA Pei-ming~(1,2), HU Zheng-yu~1,ZHOU Guang-jie~(1,2)(1 Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; 2 Graduate School, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)The present paper aims to introduce the authors' research on the method of evaluation and treatment of lake eutrophication by means of algae biology. As a matter of fact, with the fast industrialization tendency, lake eutrophication in China is still getting more and more exacerbated for a number of reasons, both human activities and natural factors. Luckily, algae is one of the important organisms in lake eco-system, whose growth is favorable for metabolism and species constitution. In the paper, the authors give a general outline on the application of algae in biologica1 assessment on lake trophic status with detailed information about the indicator of algae in the water bodies of hypertrophication, eutrophication, mesotrophication and olipotrophication. In addition, an example for giving an algal growth potential test, and the corresponding AGP test results. In addition, the authors have also discussed some algal species diversity and synthesis indexes as well as their evaluated standards. In order to figure out the key problems on nutrients excess and algal overgrown in lake eutrophication, a brief introduction about the recent progress on the study of nutrients and algae removal, whose research results about the research field conducted by the authors are also given. In order to protect our lakes against the eutrophication, it is important to draw up a more detailed and functional management rules and regulations on water resources, to strengthen the ecological environment protection of valleys and water areas, and to prohibit strictly the discharge of the wastewater with high concentration of phosphorus and nitrogenous compounds into water bodies.
Economic growth and its effects on carbon emission in China
WANG Zhong-ying 1,2,WANG Li-mao1(1 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China)This paper intends to present the authors' analysis of the relationship between the GDP growth and carbon emission in China today with the correlative analytical method(R2=0.958 1).The authors' conclusion is that the present economic development pattern mainly dependent on the investment and structural expansion of secondary industry has strong impact on the emission increase of greenhouse gas.The investment rate of China exceeds 35%-40% of GDP during the period of 1980 to 2003,which is higher than other countries.As a result,China has brought about tremendous development of its heavy industry with ever increasing consumption of energy resources.Such a consequence,on the one hand,has led to higher proportion of secondary industry to the whole macro-economy(over 50%).On the other hand,its energy consumption has to be dependent heavily on coal(over 60%),which emits large amounts of gases than oil or natural gas.Thus,it will be inevitable to consume more energy and increase the emission of greenhouse gases in future.However,under the background of globalization,our economic growth should depend more on technological improvement,scientific and institutional innovation.With the high efficient use of renewable energy and environment-friendly technology,China can and is sure to make contributions to global efforts to prevent global warming.Therefore,it can be predicted that the carbon emission intensity will gradually slow down with the economic development and the adjustment of its industrial structural system.
Cd, Zn and Se content of the polished rice samples from some Chinese open markets and their relevance to food safety
ZHEN Yan-hong, CHENG Yan-jun, PAN Gen-xing, LI Lian-qing(Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)This paper is aimed at reporting its investigation over the content of heavy metals in different sorts of rice so far available on the Chinese markets by sampling 91 sorts of rice including 47 of Japonica and 44 of Indica. The motive of our research is closely related to the health hazards due to food exposure for Chinese people. It is well known that rice has been a predominant diet source in our country. The samples of ours have just been randomly chosen from some open markets over China in 2005. Their respective content rates of Cd, Zn and Se are then determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) individually with the mutual relationship among these elements analyzed. The results of our investigation show that about 10% of the samples had a Cd content beyond the State Food Security Standards (0.2 mg·kg-1), while 70% of the above samples is likely to exert potential health hazards due to the exposure of Cd if the RfD ( USEPA, 2000) value is taken as a reference. In addition, the content levels of Zn and Se in the rice samples prove generally rather low, failing to meet the health need regulation through the regular dietary intake. On the other hand, it is found from our research that there indeed exists positive correlation between the content of Cd and that of Zn, as well as between Se content and that of Zn ratio, which indicates a slight accumulation of Zn in relation to Cd and Se. However, on the whole, 90% of the rice samples has a lower Cd/Zn ratio than the critical value of 0.015 proposed by the American standard. In addition, samples with high Cd content may not be necessarily beyond the regular high Cd/Zn ratio. The fact is that the rice samples of Indica may imply much higher Cd and Se content level than that of Japonica, with the former suggesting a far higher Cd exposure hazard than the latter. Therefore, the present research can be used as a valuable reference to further studies for the potential effects of the toxic heavy metal content in rice on the human health as well as their relation to the soil-crop-food security.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
ZHOU Qi xing & SONG Yu fang (Open Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China)As a safe and reliable technology for treating contamination of soil, phytoremendiation is explored in the present paper.The roots of special plants and their special rhizospheric effects through releasing natural organic matter to promote the degradation of organic pollutants and stabilization of heavy metals are emphasized.The processes of the degradation of organic pollutants by the plants are illustrated and summarized as the biodegrading processes of rhizospheres,the interactions between roots and leaves and pollutants,the excretive processes of polutants by roots and leaves,the hydroxylating processes of plants and the enzyme oxidation degradation.The relationships between types and concentrations of pollutants and metabolic degradation,action of plant cellular structure are also discussed in the present paper.Some of ecological factors influencing the security and the validity of phytoremediation are disussed.For example,plant roots and their enzyme systems,activity of soil microorganisms,soil types and physiochemical properties and climate conditions.Finally,the view of the application and the developmnt of phytoremediation,and the problems to be solved during the development of phytoremediation are pointed out.
Common factors leading to accidents and behavior type research based on prevention
FU Gui, LI Xuandong, LI Jun(School of Resources and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)This paper is focused on the study of the accidental common causes leading to accidents and the corresponding accident prevention strategy. At the very beginning of this paper, the authors introduces a few basic principles for safety science proposed by Heinrich and other safety scientists, (i.e.,) all the accidents have their own leading factors, which may be either the unsafe conditions or unsafe behaviors or the both. And the frequency of the accidents changes with its severity within an “accident triangle”. The first aim of this paper is to find all the common factors leading to the accidents. According to the basic principles, the author has categorized analytically and statistically all the factors discovered into 10 major classes as to the gas explosion accidents that have occurred in China's mines during 20002001. Then, we conclude that worker's unsafe working habits have been the main cause for the accidents. Then the authors examined a medical accident that was caused by spoiling children and a severe food poisoning involving 367 students, and the other two accidents caused due to the lack of safety knowledge and safety awareness. Based on the above statistics, the authors summarized all the common factors leading to the various accidents, which can be sequentially ordered as unsafe habit, lack of safety knowledge and safety awareness. Among the three, unsafe condition or unsafe behavior can be put together as one, with the other two being different by nature. As to the second aim of this paper, the author categorized a 3-level factor, that is, the safety management frame, the safety climate survey, and the behavior-based safety programs in the across-industry accident prevention map. And finally, the authors introduced some leading edge progress of the key elements in the prevention map in practical cases, such as Wilton-Olefines case and DuPont case for reader's information. The most important conclusion of this paper is that all the accidents share common factors. To fight against all the accidents, a common prevention strategy (map) can be developed with the key elements of the map developed and supplied by reference to that popularly used in some European and North American countries.
Estimates of the exposed dermal surface area of Chinese in view of human health risk assessment
WANG Zhe,LIU Shao-qing,CHEN Xiao-min,LIN Chun-ye(State Key Joint Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)The given paper is inclined to introduce its authors' research on the relation between the dermal exposure area and the health risk assessment as a result of dermal exposure,such of contaminated sites,which has been initiated in the environmental management departments concerned in our country.To begin with,we have borrowed and quoted some of such parameters originated in the US and Europe in this line.As is known,it is very common for human beings to expose their dermal surfaces to the outside in a variety of activities,such as washing, swimming,open-field working and/or dancing or special feats-performances,which may lead to different degrees of skin contamination.Since it is relatively difficult to make statistics and measurement of dermal surface area,the Chinese researchers used to adopt data on the dermal surface area of foreigners when they estimated the dermal exposure dose in the health risk assessment for us Chinese.This may result in the errors due to the differences in the body size between Chinese and the foreigners.The objective of this paper is to provide estimate in this way with the data of the body size of Chinese,including height and weight.For this purpose,we have collected the data of Chinese in this way and estimated the dermal surface area with the whole body and various body parts by using the models of Gehan and George,Haycock et al,and USEPA.Results of our estimates indicate that the average dermal areas of Chinese adult male and female were 1.69 m2 and 1.53 m2,respectively,which are lower than those of American counterparts by 13% and 10%.The average dermal areas of Chinese 2-12 old males and females were 0.84-0.91 m2 and 0.82-0.89 m2,respectively, while they are 1.48-1.57 m2 and 1.42-1.47 m2 for 12-20 old males and females.Therefore,the average dermal area of Chinese is generally lower than those of the Americans.In addition,the average dermal area of Chinese urban male and female is generally higher than those of Chinese in the countryside.It is such suggested that the parameter values of Chinese in their dermal surface exposure should be used in doing their health risk assessment in our country.
Summary of research on account of carbon emission in building industry and analysis of its influential factors
LI Xiao-dong;ZHU Chen;This paper is aimed at making a review of the recent research situation in-situ on the carbon emission( CE) account and analysis of the influential factors( IFs) through summing up the applications and relevant analysis methods. And,then,a brief review has to be made on the research status and trends of the aforementioned aspects in the field of building industry so as to provide references for further studies on the energy conservation and carbon emission reduction. To achieve the above mentioned purposes,the paper of ours has briefly introduced 3 general methods of CE accounting especially by highlighting the accounting manner of the single building CE and macro-building embodiment and operational CE. The CE accounting method for the individual building evaluation should be mainly done on the basis of the framework of the life cycle assessment,e. g. BEES,ENVEST and BEPAS. And,in regard to the macroscopic features,it would be possible for us to classify or categorize the accounting ideas of building embodiment and operational CE into methods of top-down approach and bottom-up one with their differences being illustrated. The bottom-up approach seems to be more detailed,visible as well as accurate or precise,yet,it is more complex and complicated to fulfil their calculations and acquire a lot of data investigations. On the contrary,the topdown approach just goes opposite by nature. In terms of CE-IFs analysis,there can be found 3 main types of methods( i. e.IPAT series model,index decomposition analysis and the structural decomposition analysis). And,we have also illustrated and elaborated their advantages,disadvantages as well as the application procedures in addition to a vivid comparison. Focusing on the building of CE IFs,we have also summarized a few key issues in this way:( 1) The research scopes can be mainly focused on the CE/IFs of the building industry or the building operations;( 2) The model of IPAT series has been widely adopted in combination with LMDI;( 3) The key IFs are mainly related to the society,economics and building operations. Thus,in final analysis,the paper has mainly illustrated the drawbacks of the current studies and presented prospects for their further research in 3 aspects: building CE accounting scope, the accounting methodologies and perspectives of IFs analysis.
RESEARCH SURVEY OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES
DENG Nan sheng & WU Feng (Department of Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)In the present paper,the research improvement of the eco industrial parks in several countries is briefly reviewed. As embryo of eco industrial park,Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis is introduced.Its environmental and economic benefits per year are presented (Table 1).The definition and the development model of eco industrial park is discussed.And the key steps to setup eco industrial park are also described.The characteristics of some eco industrial parks located in United States (Table 2) and Canada (Table 3) are introduced and summarized.
Application of risk assessment on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the cloud model
XU Zheng-jie;ZHANG You-peng;SU Hong-sheng;School of Automation and Electrical Engineering,Lanzhou Jiaotong University;The paper intends to introduce a comprehensive safety evaluation method based on the cloud model for evaluating the railway signal system. The reason and the need for us to pick up such a subject is that the existing evaluation methods fail to reflect the functions of the random nature of the risk factors in the riskprevention assessment area. Therefore,we think it necessary to put forward a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the cloud model to assess the risk of the temporary speed limit function for the train control center. In proceeding with our research, first of all,we have set up an assessment system based on the cloud model theory including the factor setting,the weighing factors setting and that of the evaluation criteria. Secondly,we have worked out a comprehensive evaluation matrix and weighing matrix of the conventional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation factors and the ways to transform them into the matrixes represented in numerical features via the backward cloud generator. What is more, we have also taken all the comprehensive evaluation matrix and weighing matrix based on the cloud model into comprehensive account so as to get the desirable comprehensive evaluation results. In addition,the evaluation process has also been included into the model so as to determine the relative degrees of the importance for evaluating the risk factors and the membership functions in the fuzzy way. And,finally,the group decisions as to the evaluation results can be gained by the synthetically aggregated cloud model when they were put into the forward cloud generator through proper calculation. Thus,what we would like to do is to make the cloud drop with the properties of the risk grades and the assessment results easy to be simulated by MATLAB when determining the final risk grades of the temporary speed limit function for the train control center. The practical assessment results show that the application of the cloud model in the reconstruction of the membership functions is favorable to realize the transition from the accurate data into the quality data by combining the fuzziness and randomness,so as to make the assessment results of the suggested methods visual and dependable,and increase the visual and virtual intuitiveness of the reference data and information of the risk assessment.
Analysis on the fire data in China for the period between 2003-2012
FU Zhi-min;Department of Fire Protection Engineering,Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy;The given article is devoted to an analysis of fire disaster data during the period between 2003- 2012 in China while taking a historical comparison with history fire data from 1950 to2012 in China and fire data in USA as the background of the analysis. For the aforementioned analysis,we have quoted the average number per year of fires,the civilian casualty and injuries,as well as the direct property damage during 2003- 2012 in China,which account for 18 × 104,1698,1426 and 16. 26 × 108 Yuan,respectively. On the other hand,the average numbers per year of fires,the civilian injuries,the direct property damage and the civilian death rolls per million people during the decade in China tends to be less in order of magnitude than that in USA. There were several abrupt rise and decline by big margins both for fires and civilian casualties during 1950- 2012. However,it can be found that the average number per year of civilian deaths and civilian injuries fell to 2 407. 8 and 3 767. 5 during 1980- 2005 from more than 5 000 and 10 000 of the history peak in 1950s-1970 s. What is more,the number of fire casualty had steady declined since 2006 with the fire injuries becoming less than fatal per year. Furthermore,the numbers of fire injuries dropped almost by half of the fire fatalities since 2007 and the number of fire injuries per year of 590 during 2010-2012 fell to the historical bottom since 1950. On the other hand,the percentage of civilian deaths for Fire Grade III was 20. 05%,though the percentage of fires was 0. 05% from fire data during 2007-2012. As to the direct causes leading to fires,it can be said that the primary leading cause comes from the ill-treatment of the electricity or the electric instruments,installations and appliances,that is,from the fire casualties and direct property damage of Fire Grade I,II and III.What is more,the intentional fire-making and play with the heat source are another two leading causes for Fire Grade I & II.Bars,nightclubs,restaurants and others were places where Fire Grade I & II occurred frequently,and larger direct property losses were given rise to in the markets for Fire Grade I & II. Besides,it is often the case for fire-causing that took place during the time intervals from December to next May yearly and from 10: 00 am to22: 00 pm daily while fires of Fire Grade I & II take place frequently during the time intervals from November to the next February in a year and from 22: 00 pm to the next 2: 00 am daily.