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Summary of research on account of carbon emission in building industry and analysis of its influential factors
LI Xiao-dong;ZHU Chen;This paper is aimed at making a review of the recent research situation in-situ on the carbon emission( CE) account and analysis of the influential factors( IFs) through summing up the applications and relevant analysis methods. And,then,a brief review has to be made on the research status and trends of the aforementioned aspects in the field of building industry so as to provide references for further studies on the energy conservation and carbon emission reduction. To achieve the above mentioned purposes,the paper of ours has briefly introduced 3 general methods of CE accounting especially by highlighting the accounting manner of the single building CE and macro-building embodiment and operational CE. The CE accounting method for the individual building evaluation should be mainly done on the basis of the framework of the life cycle assessment,e. g. BEES,ENVEST and BEPAS. And,in regard to the macroscopic features,it would be possible for us to classify or categorize the accounting ideas of building embodiment and operational CE into methods of top-down approach and bottom-up one with their differences being illustrated. The bottom-up approach seems to be more detailed,visible as well as accurate or precise,yet,it is more complex and complicated to fulfil their calculations and acquire a lot of data investigations. On the contrary,the topdown approach just goes opposite by nature. In terms of CE-IFs analysis,there can be found 3 main types of methods( i. e.IPAT series model,index decomposition analysis and the structural decomposition analysis). And,we have also illustrated and elaborated their advantages,disadvantages as well as the application procedures in addition to a vivid comparison. Focusing on the building of CE IFs,we have also summarized a few key issues in this way:( 1) The research scopes can be mainly focused on the CE/IFs of the building industry or the building operations;( 2) The model of IPAT series has been widely adopted in combination with LMDI;( 3) The key IFs are mainly related to the society,economics and building operations. Thus,in final analysis,the paper has mainly illustrated the drawbacks of the current studies and presented prospects for their further research in 3 aspects: building CE accounting scope, the accounting methodologies and perspectives of IFs analysis.
LIGHT POLLUTION AND PREVENTION COUNTERMEASURES
WANG Ya-jun (State Key Lab of Prevention and Control of Explosion Disasters, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)The present paper aims to introduce the problem of light pollution. Light pollution is a new kind of environmental pollution, with the development of industrialization and civilization. It could be classified into three types, white light pollution, artificial daylight, and colorful light pollution. Light pollution is harmful to people's health, and it could disrupt ecology, increase the traffic accident, disturb the astronomical observation, bring much trouble to people's life, and waster energy. It is necessary to take measures to prevent the problems caused by light pollution. To build relative laws and regulations, to strengthen constructive layout and management are the good solutions and suggestions.
Study on the evaluation and treatment of lake eutrophication by means of algae biology
KUANG Qi-jun~1, MA Pei-ming~(1,2), HU Zheng-yu~1,ZHOU Guang-jie~(1,2)(1 Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; 2 Graduate School, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)The present paper aims to introduce the authors' research on the method of evaluation and treatment of lake eutrophication by means of algae biology. As a matter of fact, with the fast industrialization tendency, lake eutrophication in China is still getting more and more exacerbated for a number of reasons, both human activities and natural factors. Luckily, algae is one of the important organisms in lake eco-system, whose growth is favorable for metabolism and species constitution. In the paper, the authors give a general outline on the application of algae in biologica1 assessment on lake trophic status with detailed information about the indicator of algae in the water bodies of hypertrophication, eutrophication, mesotrophication and olipotrophication. In addition, an example for giving an algal growth potential test, and the corresponding AGP test results. In addition, the authors have also discussed some algal species diversity and synthesis indexes as well as their evaluated standards. In order to figure out the key problems on nutrients excess and algal overgrown in lake eutrophication, a brief introduction about the recent progress on the study of nutrients and algae removal, whose research results about the research field conducted by the authors are also given. In order to protect our lakes against the eutrophication, it is important to draw up a more detailed and functional management rules and regulations on water resources, to strengthen the ecological environment protection of valleys and water areas, and to prohibit strictly the discharge of the wastewater with high concentration of phosphorus and nitrogenous compounds into water bodies.
Characteristics and mechanism of road traffic accidents
GAO Yinan;GONG Jianqiang;To study the characteristics and mechanism of road traffic accidents, the cause, form, time, perpetrator, motor vehicle, casualties, and other characteristics were analyzed based on the data of 1.09 million road traffic accidents in 2015-2019, and then causative factors of road traffic accidents were abstracted. The Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL) method was used to calculate the correlation of complex system, and the influence degree, affected degree, cause degree, and center degree of causative factors were calculated to determine the impact of each causative factor on the formation of road traffic accidents. A hierarchical structure diagram of causing factors of road traffic accidents was established. The mechanism and essential causative factors of road traffic accidents were obtained theoretically. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and causes of road traffic accidents, suggestions on road traffic safety management in line with national conditions were proposed. 86.29% of the accidents were caused by motor vehicle violations. Among them, failure to give way according to regulations was the main reason, illegal loading was a high-risk factor, and speeding accidents were frequent and harmful. 70.21% of the accidents were multi-vehicle accidents. Side impact was a high-frequency accident form, and falling and rolling were high-risk accident forms. 17:00-19:59 was the accident-prone period. 3:00-5:59 was the period of high injury accidents. Accidents caused by production and operation vehicles were accompanied by high hazards, among which tourism passenger transport, transport of dangerous chemicals, and general freight transport caused the highest degree of damage. Pedestrians were more vulnerable to fatal injuries and men were more likely to be injured than women in accidents. 77.38% of the fatal causes of accidents were brain injuries. 3.63% of the motor vehicles involved in accidents had mechanical failures, the probability of poor braking was the highest, and the danger of excessive tire wear was the greatest. The analysis results of the mechanism show that speeding, overloaded transportation, insufficient technology or lagging standards and regulations are the essential factors. These factors can be used as key points to reduce accident risk.
Economic growth and its effects on carbon emission in China
WANG Zhong-ying 1,2,WANG Li-mao1(1 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China)This paper intends to present the authors' analysis of the relationship between the GDP growth and carbon emission in China today with the correlative analytical method(R2=0.958 1).The authors' conclusion is that the present economic development pattern mainly dependent on the investment and structural expansion of secondary industry has strong impact on the emission increase of greenhouse gas.The investment rate of China exceeds 35%-40% of GDP during the period of 1980 to 2003,which is higher than other countries.As a result,China has brought about tremendous development of its heavy industry with ever increasing consumption of energy resources.Such a consequence,on the one hand,has led to higher proportion of secondary industry to the whole macro-economy(over 50%).On the other hand,its energy consumption has to be dependent heavily on coal(over 60%),which emits large amounts of gases than oil or natural gas.Thus,it will be inevitable to consume more energy and increase the emission of greenhouse gases in future.However,under the background of globalization,our economic growth should depend more on technological improvement,scientific and institutional innovation.With the high efficient use of renewable energy and environment-friendly technology,China can and is sure to make contributions to global efforts to prevent global warming.Therefore,it can be predicted that the carbon emission intensity will gradually slow down with the economic development and the adjustment of its industrial structural system.
Research status-in-situ and key challenges in hydrogen safety
ZHENG Jin-yang;LIU Zi-liang;HUA Zheng-li;GU Chao-hua;WANG Geng;CHEN Lin-xin;ZHANG Yi-wei;ZHU Sheng-yi;HAN Wu-lin;The present paper is aimed at summarizing the research status-in-situ and the key challenges of the hydrogen safety in the hydrogen leakage and diffusion,the hydrogen combustion and explosion,the hydrogen and metallic material compatibility,in addition to the related hydrogen risk assessment. At the same time,the paper has also brought about some suggestions for hydrogen safety measures perfection at home in China so as to confine the hydrogen leakage into a properly controlled sphere.Thus,as a matter of fact,we have also traced and examined the effects of the hydrogen storage pressure,the diameter and the ventilation size,as well as the pressure relief device( PRD) on the pressure peak through experiments. In spite of this,there remain still lots of difficulties to be overcome through study of the complex physical properties of the liquid hydrogen by establishing and verifying the liquid hydrogen leakage model. The combustion regularity of hydrogen in the confined or semi-confined spaces,such as the garage,the tunnels and hydrogen refueling stations,should still be paid great attention,too. Besides,much attention has also been paid to the research of the mechanism of the flame acceleration( FA) and the deflagration-to-detonation transition( DDT) in the confined spaces by the scholars around the world today. Hence,the results of the above research prove that the interaction among the flame,the dominant shock wave and the reflected shock wave should be taken as the main factor to promote the said DDT. What is more,when the material is operated in a hydrogen environment for too long,it may also cause deterioration of the mechanical properties,known as the hydrogen environment embrittlement( HE). Actually,quite a few of tests we can conduct to make out the HE susceptibility of the metallic materials,including the slow strain rate tensile test,the fatigue life test,the fatigue crack growth test and the fracture toughness test. All the above said widely accepted testing methods can be adopted directly to confine the sample under the highpressure hydrogen environment. However,since there is no internationally uniformed hydrogen and material compatibility testing standard for the time being,it wouldn't be conducive to the sharing of the material testing data under the high-pressure hydrogen environment among the countries. All the above said risk assessments have become more and more urgent with the commercial application of the hydrogen refueling stations( HRS) and the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles( HFCV). Such risk assessment methods may include the fast risk ranking( FRR) and the quantitative risk assessment( QRA),the latter of which can not only be used for scientific evaluation of the risk of an accident,but also for the directly application to the formulation of the hydrogen safety distance standards. Besides,some researchers have also been carrying out the QRA studies to the hydrogen leakage accidents in different scenarios,to result in the corresponding QRA methods,though the development of QRA is inseparable from the support of the said software. Therefore,at present,SNL has launched a toolkit,HyRAM,specifically for the hydrogen risk assessment,though the effective data on the hydrogen system structure failure and leakage frequency remain under great need for further proof and rectification.
DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:STATE-OF-THE-ART
ZHANG Xian-sheng 1, SHEN Ji-min 1, LI Wei 1, XIE Qiang 1,2 (1 School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China; 2 School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China)A literature survey on quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) in typical cities all over the world, the methods and technologies available for disposal and treatment of MSW, and the progress in research and development of these technologies as well, was given in this paper. Further more, both issues and the causes resulted in these issues in management of MSW in China were discussed. It is concluded that in a rather long time in future landfill will be the dominant way in the treatment of MSW in China, meanwhile proportion of MSW disposal by means of sanitary landfill will increase gradually. Although compost of MSW will also play an important role, its application is dependent on its products' distribution. As incineration can reduce MSW volume by up to 90% and decrease MSW weight by 75%, when the following factors, such as stable increase of heating value of MSW in china, rapid decrease of land suitable for landfilling, are taken into account, it is self evident that incineration will be a promising technology for the treatment of MSW in China.
Forecast of the gas emission quantity of the working face based on the SPSS multiple regression analysis
BI Jian-wu;JIA Jin-zhang;LIUDan;College of Safety Science and Engineering,Liaoning Technical University;College of Marketing Management,Liaoning Technical University;In order to forecast the gas emission quantity of the working face in a coal mine,this paper,in combinationwith the measured data of the gas emits from the working face,has established a multivariate regression equation by means of the statistical products and service solutions(SPSS)software.When doing the SPSS regression analysis,we have first of all adopted the method of all variables into the regression compulsively.Although the regression effect of the resultis nice enough,there are still many insignificantpartial regression coefficients,which suggest that no significant effects were made on their corresponding variables.Besides,the large variance inflation factor(VIF)proves thatmultiple collinear exists among the independent variables,which implies little practical significance for introducing such variables into the model.To overcome the problem of collinear and simplify the model,we have to adopt the method of stepwise regression analysis.All of these have made us realize that the model we have to choose should be the one of mining intensity,pushing speed and interlayer lithology as the predictor variables instead of other variables,though the regression and the regression coefficients are perfect.Thus,using the established model,we have to predict the amount of gas emission from the working face of 15,16,17,18 with the maximum relative error being 7.24%and the smallest relative error—only 1.24%and the average error—4.587%.Compared with the principal component analysismodel,the gray correlation analysis model,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model and the neural network model,it can be concluded that the accuracy of this paper is strongly beneficial,and,therefore,this method can help to forecast the amount of gas effectively by avoiding complicated derivation and calculation.Thus,ourmethod can lead to an intuitive and precise result,which can significantly reduce the calculation time and convenient in use.
Exploring the carbon emission reduction effects, drivers, and peak carbon strategies in China's energy structure transformation
JIN Du;LIU Xinping;This paper analyzes the carbon reduction effects and driving factors associated with the transformation of China's energy consumption structure. Utilizing China's energy consumption data from 2001 to 2022 and employing inventory algorithms, we estimate the carbon reduction impact of this transformation. Additionally, we use ridge regression to examine the driving factors behind the changes in energy consumption structure and mathematically demonstrate the conditions necessary for achieving a peak in carbon emissions related to energy consumption. The findings of this paper reveal that China's carbon emissions from energy consumption rose from 1.012 billion tons at the beginning of the period to 3.076 billion tons by the end. This growth occurred in three distinct phases, characterized by a gradual slowdown in the rate of emissions increase: the high-carbon mitigation stage of energy structure, the low-carbon unstable stage, and the year-on-year low-carbon stage. Secondly, over the 22-year period, the comprehensive carbon emission coefficient of energy decreased from 0.651 tC/tce to 0.569 tC/tce, indicating a gradual transformation toward a low-carbon energy consumption structure. This shift resulted in a total carbon emissions reduction of approximately 3.105 billion tons attributable to changes in the energy structure. Thirdly, the transformation of the energy structure is positively influenced by factors such as economic scale, energy efficiency, technological investment, and environmental regulations. Notably, the interaction between technological investment and environmental regulation has a more pronounced effect than any single factor alone. Additionally, carbon emission intensity negatively impacts the transformation of the energy structure. The government should prioritize increasing the implementation of factors that have a positive impact on driving energy structure transformation. This will help expedite the development of an effective mechanism to achieve the carbon peak in energy production, with a focus on energy structure transformation. The research findings provide valuable theoretical guidance and practical references for promoting energy structure transformation and quantifying its impact on carbon emission reduction. Moreover, these findings contribute to the efforts towards achieving the energy carbon peak.
Analysis on the fire data in China for the period between 2003-2012
FU Zhi-min;Department of Fire Protection Engineering,Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy;The given article is devoted to an analysis of fire disaster data during the period between 2003- 2012 in China while taking a historical comparison with history fire data from 1950 to2012 in China and fire data in USA as the background of the analysis. For the aforementioned analysis,we have quoted the average number per year of fires,the civilian casualty and injuries,as well as the direct property damage during 2003- 2012 in China,which account for 18 × 104,1698,1426 and 16. 26 × 108 Yuan,respectively. On the other hand,the average numbers per year of fires,the civilian injuries,the direct property damage and the civilian death rolls per million people during the decade in China tends to be less in order of magnitude than that in USA. There were several abrupt rise and decline by big margins both for fires and civilian casualties during 1950- 2012. However,it can be found that the average number per year of civilian deaths and civilian injuries fell to 2 407. 8 and 3 767. 5 during 1980- 2005 from more than 5 000 and 10 000 of the history peak in 1950s-1970 s. What is more,the number of fire casualty had steady declined since 2006 with the fire injuries becoming less than fatal per year. Furthermore,the numbers of fire injuries dropped almost by half of the fire fatalities since 2007 and the number of fire injuries per year of 590 during 2010-2012 fell to the historical bottom since 1950. On the other hand,the percentage of civilian deaths for Fire Grade III was 20. 05%,though the percentage of fires was 0. 05% from fire data during 2007-2012. As to the direct causes leading to fires,it can be said that the primary leading cause comes from the ill-treatment of the electricity or the electric instruments,installations and appliances,that is,from the fire casualties and direct property damage of Fire Grade I,II and III.What is more,the intentional fire-making and play with the heat source are another two leading causes for Fire Grade I & II.Bars,nightclubs,restaurants and others were places where Fire Grade I & II occurred frequently,and larger direct property losses were given rise to in the markets for Fire Grade I & II. Besides,it is often the case for fire-causing that took place during the time intervals from December to next May yearly and from 10: 00 am to22: 00 pm daily while fires of Fire Grade I & II take place frequently during the time intervals from November to the next February in a year and from 22: 00 pm to the next 2: 00 am daily.