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This review systematically examines the physicochemical characteristics， utilization pathways， engineering applicability， and environmental constraints of phosphogypsum (PG). Relevant studies were classified into eight categories: mine backfilling， construction materials， road engineering， cementitious materials， chemical conversion， agricultural use， rare-earth-element recovery， and environmental functional materials. These pathways were compared in terms of bulk-consumption potential， technological maturity， pretreatment requirements， product-market capacity， process complexity， cost constraints， and environmental risks. The interactions of PG with cementitious phases， soil minerals， and stabilizing agents were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms governing hydration， setting， strength development， pollutant immobilization， and long-term release.The review shows that PG is composed mainly of CaSO₄·2H₂O but commonly contains free acids， soluble phosphorus， fluorides， organic matter， heavy metals， and naturally occurring radionuclides. These impurities may retard hydration， disturb setting， reduce early strength and durability， increase process instability， and raise long-term leaching and radiological risks. Construction materials represent the most mature route for large-scale utilization， but product quality， pretreatment cost， and market demand limit further expansion. Road engineering and mine backfilling provide high unit consumption and strong regional disposal potential; however， their application depends on mechanical durability， seepage control， and long-term pollutant-release behavior under service conditions. Cementitious utilization is technically feasible， particularly when PG is used as a setting regulator or sulfate-bearing component， but the overall consumption is restricted by low addition levels and impurity-related interference with hydration. Chemical conversion and rare-earth-element recovery can increase product value， yet their high reagent and energy demands， complex separation processes， and limited throughput make them more suitable as supplementary routes. Agricultural and ecological applications are strongly controlled by soil type， impurity concentration， application rate， and long-term monitoring requirements.Based on the comparative analysis， a prospective integrated route is proposed: source-specific characterization and classification， low-cost physical pretreatment， targeted purification or stabilization， application-oriented route matching， closed-loop wastewater treatment， and by-product recovery. Construction materials are suggested as the principal pathway， while road engineering and mine backfilling serve as high-consumption regional options， and chemical conversion and rare-earth-element recovery act as small-volume， high-value supplements. Life-cycle assessment together with long-term leaching and radiological-risk evaluation should be used to define application boundaries and access criteria.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2026.0364
China Classification Code:X705
Citation Information:
[1]Li Shiqi,Hu Jianhua,Yu Zhi ,et al.Research Progress and Prospects in the Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum Solid Waste[J].Journal of Safety and Environment().DOI:10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2026.0364.
Fund Information:
国家自然科学基金面上项目（52474126）
2026-09-08
2026-09-08
2026-09-08